The American Journal of Sports Medicine
Official Publication of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
eISSN:
15523365 | ISSN:
03635465 | Current volume: 53 | Current issue: 1
Frequency: 14 Times/YearTimes/Year
An invaluable resource for the orthopaedic sports medicine community, The American Journal of Sports Medicine is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, first published in 1972. It is the official publication of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM)! The journal acts as an important forum for independent orthopaedic sports medicine research and education, allowing clinical practitioners the ability to make decisions based on sound scientific information.
This journal is a must-read for:
- Orthopaedic Surgeons and Specialists
- Sports Medicine Physicians
- Physiatrists
- Athletic Trainers
- Team Physicians
- And Physical Therapists
Topics covered include:
- ACL – injury & reconstruction
- Arthroscopic techniques
- Basic science relevant to clinical sports medicine, including the subjects of anatomy, biomechanics, and cell biology
- Children & adolescents
- Degenerative Joint Disease
- Epidemiology of sports injuries
- Female athletes
- Imaging studies
- Surgical techniques for the knee, shoulder, elbow, and ankle
- Specific injuries including shoulder, knee and meniscus subjects
- Rehabilitation & training
- Sport specific subjects such as soccer, baseball and football issues
- Treatment techniques
This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
The American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM)
As a world leader in sports medicine education, research, communication and fellowship, The AOSSM is a national organization of orthopaedic surgeons specializing in sports medicine, including national and international sports medicine leaders. The AOSSM works closely with many other sports medicine specialists and clinicians, including family physicians, emergency physicians, pediatricians, athletic trainers and physical therapists, to improve the identification, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of sports injuries.
Formed in 1972 primarily as a forum for education and research, the AOSSM has grown from its modest initial membership of fewer than 100 to close to 3,000.
Through research and advances in surgical and rehabilitation techniques, orthopaedic sports medicine specialists have been able to treat and rehabilitate athletes whose injuries were once career-ending and put them back in the game. Members must demonstrate continuing active research and educational activities in the field of sports medicine. Such activities may include service as a team physician at any level of competition, educating persons involved with the health of athletes, service to local, regional, national and international competitions, and the presentation of scientific research papers at sports medicine meetings.
The unifying interest of the membership is their concern with the effects of exercise and the monitoring of its impact on active individuals of all ages, abilities and levels of fitness.
Visit www.aossm.org for more information.
Submit your manuscript today at https://submit.ajsm.org/.
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, founded in 1972, is the official publication of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. It contains original articles addressed to orthopaedic surgeons specializing in sports medicine, and to team physicians, athletic trainers, and physical therapists focusing on the causes and effects of injury or disease resulting from or affected by athletic injury.
Editor-in-Chief
| Brett D. Owens, MD | Providence, Rhode Island, USA |
Deputy Editor
| Daniel C. Wascher, MD | University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA |
Associate Editors: Current Concepts
| Timothy Foster, MD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
Associate Editor: Biomechanics
| Braden C. Fleming, PhD | Providence, Rhode Island, USA |
Associate Editor: Epidemiology and Statistics
| James L. Carey, MD, MPH | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
Associate Editor: Hip and Thigh
| Andrea M. Spiker, MD | Madison, Wisconsin, USA |
Associate Editor: Electronic Media and Women's Sports Medicine
| Miho Jean Tanaka, MD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
Associate Editor: Translational Biology
| Scott A. Rodeo, MD | New York, New York, USA |
Associate Editor: Clinical Trials and Statistics
| David C. Landy, MD, PhD | Lynchburg, Virginia, USA |
Associate Editor: Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine
| Theodore J. Ganley, MD | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
Editor Emeritus
| Robert E. Leach, MD; 1991-2001 | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Bruce Reider, MD: 2002-2024 | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
Founding Editor
| Jack C. Hughston, MD; 1972-1990 | Columbus, Georgia, USA |
AOSSM Publishing Advisory Board
| Stephen F. Brockmeier, MD | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
| Charles A. Bush-Joseph, MD, Chair | Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Lutul D. Farrow, MD | Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA |
| Frank Winston Gwathmey Jr, MD | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
| Christopher Kaeding, MD | Columbus, Ohio, USA |
| Mark D. Miller, MD | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
| Martha Meaney Murray, MD | Children's Hospital of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Bruce Reider, MD | University of Chicago, AOSSM, Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Beth Shubin Stein, MD | Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA |
| Dean C. Taylor, MD | Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Edward M. Wojtys, MD | Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA |
Editorial Staff
| Donna Tilton, ELS | Senior Editorial and Production Manager |
| Tere Hostetler | Editorial Administrator |
Editorial Board
| Paul W. Ackermann, MD, PhD | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Ryuichiro Akagi, MD, PhD | Chiba, Japan |
| John P. Albright, MD | Iowa City, Iowa, USA |
| Louis C. Almekinders, MD | Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Annunziato Amendola, MD | Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Christian N. Anderson, MD | Nashville, Tennessee, USA |
| Kyle Anderson, MD | Southfield, Michigan, USA |
| Jack T. Andrish, MD | Cleveland, Ohio, USA |
| Michael Angeline, MD | Goshen, New York, USA |
| Elizabeth A. Arendt, MD | Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA |
| Rafael Arriaza Loureda, MD, PhD | A Coruña, Spain |
| Michael Askew, PhD | Akron, Ohio, USA |
| Aravind Athiviraham, MD, FRCS(C) | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Juan D. Ayala, MD, PhD | Madrid, Spain |
| Olufemi R. Ayeni, MD, PhD | Hamilton, Ontario, Canada |
| Frederick M. Azar, MD | Memphis, Tennessee, USA |
| Clara Azevedo, MD | Lisboa, Portugal |
| Champ Baker III, MD | Columbus, Georgia, USA |
| Bjorn Barenius, MD, PhD | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Johannes Robert Hermann Barth, MD | Grenoble, France |
| Phillipe Beaufils, MD | Versailles, France |
| Knut Beitzel, MD | München, Germany |
| Paulo Santoro Belangero, MD, PhD | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Jillian E. Beveridge, PhD | Providence, Rhode Island, USA |
| Bruce D. Beynnon, PhD | Burlington, Vermont, USA |
| Tahsin Beyzadeoglu, MD | Istanbul, Turkey |
| Meaghan E. Bishop, MD | Medford, New Jersey, USA |
| Barry P. Boden, MD | Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Berte Bøe, MD, PhD | Oslo, Norway |
| Ionna K. Bolia, MD, MS, PhD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Matthew Brick, MBChB, FRACS(Ortho) | Auckland, New Zealand |
| Robert H. Brophy, MD | St. Louis, Missouri, USA |
| Charles A. Bush-Joseph, MD, Chair | Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Gianluca Camillieri, MD | Rome, Italy |
| Abigail Campbell, MD | New York, New York, USA |
| Michael R. Carmont, MBBS, FRCS(Tr&Ortho) | Telford, UK |
| James E. Carpenter, MD | Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA |
| Jose Castillo de la Peña, MD | Huixquilucan, Mexico |
| Etienne Cavaignac, MD, PhD | Institut de l'appareil locomoteur, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France |
| Chih-Hwa Chen, MD | Taipei, Taiwan |
| Shiyi Chen, MD, PhD | Shanghai, China |
| Moises Cohen, MD | Sao Paulo, Brazil |
| Steven Brad Cohen, MD | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
| John E. Conway, MD | Ft. Houston, Texas, USA |
| Ziad Dahabreh, MBBS, MSc, FRCS(Tr&Orth) | Amman, Jordan |
| Derik L. Davis, MD | Baltimore, Maryland, USA |
| Louis E. DeFrate, PhD | Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Juan Miguel Del Castillo, MD | Montevideo, Uruguay |
| Dinesh Dhanaraj, MD, MSPH | Langhorne, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Jonathan F. Dickens, MD | Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Lee H. Diehl, MD | Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Ron L. Diercks, MD | Groningen, the Netherlands |
| Patrick J. Djian, MD | Paris, France |
| Christopher C. Dodson, MD | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Jason L. Dragoo, MD | Englewood, California, USA |
| Matej Drobnic, MD, PhD | Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| Lars Engebretsen, MD, PhD | Oslo, Norway |
| Pieter J. Erasmus, MBChB, MMed (ortho) | Stellenbosch, South Africa |
| Douglas A. Evans, MD | Maywood, Illinois, USA |
| Lutul D. Farrow, MD | Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA |
| Julian A. Feller, FRACS | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Giuseppe Filardo, MD, PhD | Bologna, Italy |
| Donald C. Fithian, MD | Torrey Pines Orthopaedic Medical Group, San Diego, California, USA |
| Cristian A. Fontbote, MD | Santiago, Chile |
| Brian Forsythe, MD | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Lisa A. Fortier, DVM, PhD | Ithaca, New York, USA |
| Michael Thomas Freehill, MD | Stanford, California, USA |
| James Warner Genuario, MD, MS | Lone Tree, Colorado, USA |
| Alan M.J. Getgood, MD, FRCS | London, Ontario, Canada |
| Deepak Goyal, MBBS, MS, DNB | Ahmedabad, India |
| Mark D. Grabiner, PhD | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Sharon L. Hame, MD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Michael Elias Hantes, MD | Larisa, Greece |
| Christopher D. Harner, MD | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Richard J. Hawkins, MD | Greenville, South Carolina, USA |
| Kate A. Heinlein, MD | Decatur, Georgia, USA |
| Iftach Hetsroni, MD | Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Lena Hirtler, MA, MD, PhD | Vienna, Austria |
| Yuichi Hoshino, MD, PhD | Kobe, Japan |
| Yinghui Hua, MD, PhD | Shanghai, China |
| Christophe Hulet, MD | Caen, France |
| Mark R. Hutchinson, MD | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Omer A. Ilahi, MD | Houston, Texas, USA |
| Andreas B. Imhoff, MD | Munich, Germany |
| Eivind Inderhaug, MD, MPH, PhD | Bergen, Norway |
| Michael Ilias Iosifidis, MD, PhD | Thessaloniki, Greece |
| Eiji Itoi, MD, PhD | Sendai, Japan |
| Timo Jaakko Jarvela, MD, PhD | Tampere, Finland |
| Andrew Esteban Jimenez, MD | Trumbull, Connecticut, USA |
| David Paul Johnson, MD, FRCSC(Orth) | Bristol, UK |
| Robert J. Johnson, MD | Burlington, Vermont, USA |
| Grant Lloyd Jones, MD | Columbus, Ohio, USA |
| Kristofer Jones, MD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Jay Vinodrai Kalawadia, MD | Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Mustafa Karahan, MD | Istanbul, Turkey |
| Jakub Kautzner, MD, PhD | Prague, Czech Republic |
| Susan L. Keays, BSc, BA(Hons), PhD | Nambour, Australia |
| Keith Kenter, MD | Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA |
| Erica Kholinne, MD, PhD | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Miguel A. Khoury, MD | Hudson, Argentina |
| Ata Kiapour, PhD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Jin Goo Kim, MD, PhD | Seoul, Korea |
| Seung-Ho Kim, MD, PhD | Seoul, Korea |
| Donald T. Kirkendall, PhD | Cary, North Carolina, USA |
| Christoph Kittl, PhD | London, UK |
| Masahiko Kobayashi, MD, PhD | Kyoto, Japan |
| Elizaveta Kon, MD | Milano, Italy |
| Thomas J. Kremen, MD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Aaron J. Krych, MD | Rochester, Minnesota, USA |
| Adam Kwapisz, MD, PhD | Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland |
| Robert F. LaPrade | Edina, Minnesota, USA |
| Mario Victor Larrain, MD | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Daniel Latt, MD, PhD | Tucson, Arizona, USA |
| Lance E. LeClere, MD | Nashville, Tennessee, USA |
| Yee Han Dave Lee, MBBS, Mmed(Ortho), FRCS (Trauma & Ortho) | National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore |
| Steven D. Levin, MD | Skokie, Illinois, USA |
| Xinning Li, MD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Jit-Kheng Lim, MBBCh, FRCSEd, FRCSGlasg, FRCSEd(Orth), MSportMed | Singapore, Singapore |
| Paulo Jose Llinás, MD | Cali, Columbia |
| Olaf Lorbach, MD, PhD | Lorsch, Germany |
| Lisa Jean Lovse, MD | Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA |
| C. Benjamin Ma, MD | San Francisco, CA, USA |
| Krishna Mallik, MD | Scottsdale, Arizona, USA |
| Michael Maloney, MD | Rochester, New York, USA |
| Ajay Malviya, PhD, FRCS | Ashington, UK |
| David F. Martin, MD | Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA |
| David R. McAllister, MD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Eric C. McCarty, MD | Boulder, Colorado, USA |
| Ian D. McDermott, MBBS, MS, FRCS | London, UK |
| Edward R. McDevitt, MD | Arnold, Maryland, USA |
| Edward McFarland, MD | Baltimore, Maryland, USA |
| Timothy J. McMeniman, MBBS FRACS | Brisbane, Australia |
| Molly Meadows, MD | Redwood City, California, USA |
| Jacques Menetrey, MD | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Prashant Meshram, MBBS, MS, DNB | Hyderabad, India |
| Melodie Metzger, PhD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Antonio C. Miguel, MD | Mexico City, Mexico |
| Bruce S. Miller, MD | Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA |
| Mark D. Miller, MD | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
| Peter J. Millett, MD | Vail, Colorado, USA |
| Abdulhamit Misir, MD | Istanbul, Turkey |
| Mary Mulcahey, MD | Maywood, Illinois, USA |
| Volker Musahl, MD | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Norimasa Nakamura, MD, PhD | Osaka, Japan |
| Jeffrey J. Nepple, MD | St. Louis, Missouri, USA |
| Joseph T. Nguyen, MPH | HSS, New York, NY, USA |
| Yuichiro Nishizawa, MD, PhD | Kobe, Japan |
| Michael A. Oberlander, MD | Walnut Creek, California, USA |
| Joo Han Oh, MD, PhD | Seongnam, Republic of Korea |
| Matthieu P. Ollivier, MD, PhD | Marseille, France |
| Sam Oussedik, BSc, MBBS, FRCS(Tr&Orth) | London, UK |
| Nirav K. Pandya, MD | Oakland, California, USA |
| Ji Soon Park, MD | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |
| David A. Parker, MBBS (Hons), B Med, Sci, FRACS | Sydney, Australia |
| Lonnie E. Paulos, MD | Salt Lake City, Utah, USA |
| Crystal A. Perkins, MD | Atlanta, Georgia, USA |
| Mark J. Philippon, MD | Vail, Colorado, USA |
| Halit Pinar, MD | Izmir, Turkey |
| Cécile Pougès, MD | Lille, France |
| Nicolas Pujol, MD | Le Chesnay, France |
| Anil Ranawat, MD | New York, New York, USA |
| Per A. Renstrom, MD, PhD | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Luciano Rossi, PhD | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Derek Rutherford, PT, PhD | Halifax, Canada |
| Payam W. Sabetian, MD, MSc | Guatemala City, Guatemala |
| Marc R. Safran, MD | Stanford, California, USA |
| Hatem G. Said, MD, FRCSI | Assiut, Egypt |
| Kristin L. Sainani, PhD | Stanford, California, USA |
| Adnan Saithna, MBChB, MSc, BMedSci, Dip SEM | Scottsdale, Arizona, USA |
| Eric Samuelson, MD | Omaha, Nebraska, USA |
| Sven U. Scheffler, MD | Berlin, Germany |
| Robert C. Schenck Jr, MD | Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA |
| Matthew R. Schmitz, MD | San Diego, California, USA |
| Timothy C. Sell, PhD | Charlotte, North Carolina, USA |
| Joseph Milo Sewards, MD | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Robert M. Shalvoy, MD | Providence, Rhode Island, USA |
| K. Donald Shelbourne, MD | Indianapolis, Indiana, USA |
| Margaret Smith, PhD | St. Leonards, Australia |
| Gary S. Solomon, PhD | Colchester, Vermont, USA |
| Charles C. Stroud, MD | Troy, Michigan, USA |
| Michael J. Stuart, MD | Rochester, Minnesota, USA |
| Yoshitsugu Takeda, MD, PhD | Tokushima, Japan |
| Laura Timmerman, MD | Walnut Creek, California, USA |
| Vehniah K. Tjong, MD | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Marc Tompkins, MD | Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA |
| Pedro Javier Tort-Saade, MD | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Bruce C. Twaddle, MBChB, FRACS | Auckland, New Zealand |
| Samuel K. Van de Velde, MD, MPH, PhD | New York, New York, USA |
| Michael L. Voight, DHSc | Nashville, Tennessee, USA |
| Dharmesh Vyas, MD, PhD | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Brian E. Walczak, DO, PhD | Aurora, Illinois, USA |
| William Robert Walsh, PhD | Randwick, NSW, Australia |
| David Wasserstein, MD, MSc | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Kate E. Webster, PhD | Bundoora, Australia |
| Robert W. Westermann, MD | Iowa City, Iowa |
| Bryan J. Whitfield, MD | Decatur, Georgia, USA |
| Thomas L. Wickiewicz, MD | New York, New York, USA |
| Richard M. Wilk, MD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Andy Williams, MB, BS, FRCS, FRCS(Orth), FFSEM(UK) | London, UK |
| Ivan Ho-Bun Wong, MD, FRCS(C) | Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada |
| Kazunori Yasuda, MD, PhD | Sapporo, Japan |
| WP Yau, MBBS, FRCSE, FHKCOS, FHKAM | Hong Kong, Hong Kong |
| Yi-Meng Yen, MD, PhD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Jae Chul Yoo, MD, PhD | Seoul, Republic of Korea |
| Alan Zhang, MD | San Francisco, California, USA |
Electronic Media Editorial Board
| Ryuichiro Akagi, MD, PhD | Chiba, Japan |
| Aravind Athiviraham, MD, FRCS(C) | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Clara Azevedo, MD | Lisboa, Portugal |
| Knut Beitzel, MD | München, Germany |
| Paulo Santoro Belangero, MD, PhD | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Berte Bøe, MD, PhD | Oslo, Norway |
| Ziad Dahabreh, MBBS, MSc, FRCS(Tr&Orth) | Amman, Jordan |
| Jonathan F. Dickens, MD | Durham, North Carolina, USA |
| Eivind Inderhaug, MD, MPH, PhD | Bergen, Norway |
| Erica Kholinne, MD, PhD | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Thomas J. Kremen, MD | Los Angeles, California, USA |
| Xinning Li, MD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Mary Mulcahey, MD | Maywood, Illinois, USA |
| Miho Jean Tanaka, MD | Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Kate E. Webster, PhD | Bundoora, Australia |
| Robert W. Westermann, MD | Iowa City, Iowa |
| Ivan Ho-Bun Wong, MD, FRCS(C) | Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada |
Emeritus Editorial Board Members
| Allen F. Anderson, MD | deceased |
| Steven P. Arnoczky, DVM | East Lansing, Michigan, USA |
| Alfred Atanda, MD | Wilmington, Delaware, USA |
| Champ L. Baker, Jr., MD | Columbus, Georgia, USA |
| James Baldwin, MD | Portland, Oregon, USA |
| Charles H. Brown, Jr., MD | Minnesota State University, USA |
| Marlene DeMaio, MD | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Paul Fadale, MD | Providence, Rhode Island, USA |
| Hua Feng, MD, PhD | Beijing, China |
| Cyril B. Frank, MD | deceased |
| Freddie H. Fu | deceased |
| William E. Garrett Jr., MD, PhD | deceased |
| James G. Garrick, MD | San Francisco, Calfornia, USA |
| Pablo E. Gelber, MD, PhD | Barcelona, Spain |
| Ben K. Graf, MD | Madison, Wisconsin, USA |
| Vojtech Havlas, MD, PhD | Prague, Czech Republic |
| Michael Hayes, MD | Orthopaedic Division, SPORTSMED·SA, 32 Payneham Road, Stepney, S Aus,5069, Australia |
| Stephen M. Howell, MD | Sacramento, California, USA |
| Markku Jarvinen, MD, PhD | Tampere, Finland |
| Dieter Kohn, MD | Homberg / Saar, Germany |
| Bert R. Mandelbaum, MD | Santa Monica, CA, USA |
| Rene Marti, MD | deceased |
| John M. Marzo, MD | Buffalo, New York, USA |
| Keith Meister, MD | Gainesville, Florida, USA |
| Robert H. Miller, MD | Memphis, Tennessee, USA |
| Nicholas Mohtadi, MD, FRCS | Calgary, Canada |
| John W. Orchard, MD, PhD, FACSP | Kensington, Australia |
| Giancarlo Puddu, MD | Rome, Italy |
| Thomas Rosenberg, MD | Salt Lake City, Utah, USA |
| Mark E. Steiner, MD | deceased |
| Carol C. Teitz, MD | Seattle, Washington, USA |
| Steve Tippett, PhD, PT, SCS, ATC | Peoria, Illinois, USA |
| Savio L-Y. Woo, PhD | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA |
Principal Reviewers
Manuscript submission guidelines can be accessed on Sage Journals.