Preface
 
Acknowledgments
 
About the Authors
 
Chapter 1 • Overview
                              General Perspectives on Measurement
 
 
                              Historical Origins of Measurement in Social  Science
 
 
                              Later Developments in Measurement
 
 
                              The Role of Measurement in the Social Sciences
 
 
 
Chapter 2 • Understanding the Latent Variable
                              Constructs Versus Measures
 
 
                              Latent Variable as the Presumed Cause of Scale Item Values
 
 
                              Further Elaboration of the Measurement  Model
 
 
 
Chapter 3 • Scale Reliability
                              Methods Based on the Analysis of Variance
 
 
                              Continuous Versus Dichotomous Items
 
 
                              Remedies to Alpha’s Limitations
 
 
                              Reliability Based on Correlations Between Scale Scores
 
 
                              Reliability and Statistical Power
 
 
 
Chapter 4 • Scale Validity
                              Criterion-Related Validity
 
 
                              What About Face Validity?
 
 
 
Chapter 5 • Guidelines in Scale Development
                              Step 1: Determine Clearly What It Is You Want to Measure
 
 
                              Step 2: Generate an Item Pool
 
 
                              Step 3: Determine the Format for Measurement
 
 
                              Step 4: Have Initial Item Pool Reviewed by  Experts
 
 
                              Step 5: Cognitive Interviewing
 
 
                              Step 6: Consider Inclusion of Validation  Items
 
 
                              Step 7: Administer Items to a Development  Sample
 
 
                              Step 8: Evaluate the Items
 
 
                              Step 9: Optimize Scale Length
 
 
 
Chapter 6 • Factor Analysis
                              Overview of Factor Analysis
 
 
                              Conceptual Description of Factor Analysis
 
 
                              Bifactor and Hierarchical Factor Models
 
 
                              Principal Components Versus Common  Factors
 
 
                              Confirmatory Factor Analysis
 
 
                              Using Factor Analysis in Scale Development
 
 
 
Chapter 7 • The Index
                              How an Index Differs From a Scale
 
 
                              Rules of Thumb for Differentiating an Index From a Scale
 
 
                              Is It a Scale or an Index? Formal Methods for Distinguishing Effect and Causal Indicators
 
 
                              Steps in Developing and Evaluating an  Index
 
 
                              Methods Based on Structural Equation Modeling
 
 
                              Criticisms of Index Composites
 
 
 
Chapter 8 • An Overview of Item Response Theory
                              Guessing, or False Positives
 
 
                              Item-Characteristic Curves
 
 
                              IRT Applied to Multiresponse Items
 
 
 
Chapter 9 • Measurement in the Broader Research Context
                              After Scale Administration
 
 
 
References