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PLEASE NOTE: Sage UK Distribution including UK Books Customer Services will be closed for a stocktake from 27th November to 29th November. This affects only book orders and queries from the UK. Any orders placed during this period; or queries emailed, will be dealt with as normal when service resumes on 2nd December. Thank you for your patience and we apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Pamela J. Schram California State University, San Bernardino, USA

Pamela Schram has published on such topics as female offenders, especially those women involved in violent offenses as well women in prison. Her research interests also include examining treatment effects on gang and non-gang members. She is currently focusing on issues pertaining to elderly prisoners. Dr. Schram has been involved in various research projects that have primarily focused on evaluating treatment effectiveness such as juvenile diversion options and programs for at-risk youths. She has published three books, four book chapters, and over 20 scholarly papers. Dr. Schram received her Ph.D. from Michigan State University. She is currently the Associate Dean of the College of Social and Behavior Sciences at California State University, San Bernardino.