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Discovering Statistics Using R
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Discovering Statistics Using R

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March 2012 | 992 pages | SAGE Publications Ltd

Keeping the uniquely humorous and self-deprecating style that has made students across the world fall in love with Andy Field's books, Discovering Statistics Using R takes students on a journey of statistical discovery using R, a free, flexible and dynamically changing software tool for data analysis that is becoming increasingly popular across the social and behavioural sciences throughout the world.

The journey begins by explaining basic statistical and research concepts before a guided tour of the R software environment. Next you discover the importance of exploring and graphing data, before moving onto statistical tests that are the foundations of the rest of the book (for example correlation and regression). You will then stride confidently into intermediate level analyses such as ANOVA, before ending your journey with advanced techniques such as MANOVA and multilevel models. Although there is enough theory to help you gain the necessary conceptual understanding of what you're doing, the emphasis is on applying what you learn to playful and real-world examples that should make the experience more fun than you might expect.

Like its sister textbooks, Discovering Statistics Using R is written in an irreverent style and follows the same ground-breaking structure and pedagogical approach. The core material is augmented by a cast of characters to help the reader on their way, together with hundreds of examples, self-assessment tests to consolidate knowledge, and additional website material for those wanting to learn more.

Given this book's accessibility, fun spirit, and use of bizarre real-world research it should be essential for anyone wanting to learn about statistics using the freely-available R software.

 
Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics?
What will this chapter tell me?

 
What the hell am I doing here? I don't belong here

 
Initial observation: finding something that needs explaining

 
Generating theories and testing them

 
Data collection 1: what to measure

 
Data collection 2: how to measure

 
Analysing data

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Statistics (Well, Sort of)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Building statistical models

 
Populations and samples

 
Simple statistical models

 
Going beyond the data

 
Using statistical models to test research questions

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
The R Environment
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Before you start

 
Getting started

 
Using R

 
Getting data into R

 
Entering data with R Commander

 
Using other software to enter and edit data

 
Saving Data

 
Manipulating Data

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R Packages Used in This Chapter

 
R Functions Used in This Chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's Tasks

 
Further reading

 
 
Exploring Data with Graphs
What will this chapter tell me?

 
The art of presenting data

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
Introducing ggplot2

 
Graphing relationships: the scatterplot

 
Histograms: a good way to spot obvious problems

 
Boxplots (box-whisker diagrams)

 
Density plots

 
Graphing means

 
Themes and options

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Exploring Assumptions
What will this chapter tell me?

 
What are assumptions?

 
Assumptions of parametric data

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
The assumption of normality

 
Testing whether a distribution is normal

 
Testing for homogeneity of variance

 
Correcting problems in the data

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
 
Correlation
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Looking at relationships

 
How do we measure relationships?

 
Data entry for correlation analysis

 
Bivariate correlation

 
Partial correlation

 
Comparing correlations

 
Calculating the effect size

 
How to report correlation coefficents

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
 
Regression
What will this chapter tell me?

 
An Introduction to regression

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
General procedure for regression in R

 
Interpreting a simple regression

 
Multiple regression: the basics

 
How accurate is my regression model?

 
How to do multiple regression using R Commander and R

 
Testing the accuracy of your regression model

 
Robust regression: bootstrapping

 
How to report multiple regression

 
Categorical predictors and multiple regression

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Logistic Regression
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Background to logistic regression

 
What are the principles behind logistic regression?

 
Assumptions and things that can go wrong

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
Binary logistic regression: an example that will make you feel eel

 
How to report logistic regression

 
Testing assumptions: another example

 
Predicting several categories: multinomial logistic regression

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Comparing Two Means
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
Looking at differences

 
The t-test

 
The independent t-test

 
The dependent t-test

 
Between groups or repeated measures?

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Comparing Several Means: ANOVA (GLM 1)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
The theory behind ANOVA

 
Assumptions of ANOVA

 
Planned contrasts

 
Post hoc procedures

 
One-way ANOVA using R

 
Calculating the effect size

 
Reporting results from one-way independent ANOVA

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA (GLM 2)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
What is ANCOVA?

 
Assumptions and issues in ANCOVA

 
ANCOVA using R

 
Robust ANCOVA

 
Calculating the effect size

 
Reporting results

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Factorial ANOVA (GLM 3)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Theory of factorial ANOVA (independant design)

 
Factorial ANOVA as regression

 
Two-Way ANOVA: Behind the scenes

 
Factorial ANOVA using R

 
Interpreting interaction graphs

 
Robust factorial ANOVA

 
Calculating effect sizes

 
Reporting the results of two-way ANOVA

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Repeated-Measures Designs (GLM 4)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Introduction to repeated-measures designs

 
Theory of one-way repeated-measures ANOVA

 
One-way repeated measures designs using R

 
Effect sizes for repeated measures designs

 
Reporting one-way repeated measures designs

 
Factorisal repeated measures designs

 
Effect Sizes for factorial repeated measures designs

 
Reporting the results from factorial repeated measures designs

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Mixed Designs (GLM 5)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Mixed designs

 
What do men and women look for in a partner?

 
Entering and exploring your data

 
Mixed ANOVA

 
Mixed designs as a GLM

 
Calculating effect sizes

 
Reporting the results of mixed ANOVA

 
Robust analysis for mixed designs

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Non-Parametric Tests
What will this chapter tell me?

 
When to use non-parametric tests

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
Comparing two independent conditions: the Wilcoxon rank-sum test

 
Comparing two related conditions: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test

 
Differences between several independent groups: the Kruskal-Wallis test

 
Differences between several related groups: Friedman's ANOVA

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
What will this chapter tell me?

 
When to use MANOVA

 
Introduction: similarities and differences to ANOVA

 
Theory of MANOVA

 
Practical issues when conducting MANOVA

 
MANOVA using R

 
Robust MANOVA

 
Reporting results from MANOVA

 
Following up MANOVA with discriminant analysis

 
Reporting results from discriminant analysis

 
Some final remarks

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Exploratory Factor Analysis
What will this chapter tell me?

 
When to use factor analysis

 
Factors

 
Research example

 
Running the analysis with R Commander

 
Running the analysis with R

 
Factor scores

 
How to report factor analysis

 
Reliability analysis

 
Reporting reliability analysis

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R Packages Used in This Chapter

 
R Functions Used in This Chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Categorical Data
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Packages used in this chapter

 
Analysing categorical data

 
Theory of Analysing Categorical Data

 
Assumptions of the chi-square test

 
Doing the chi-square test using R

 
Several categorical variables: loglinear analysis

 
Assumptions in loglinear analysis

 
Loglinear analysis using R

 
Following up loglinear analysis

 
Effect sizes in loglinear analysis

 
Reporting the results of loglinear analysis

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Multilevel Linear Models
What will this chapter tell me?

 
Hierarchical data

 
Theory of multilevel linear models

 
The multilevel model

 
Some practical issues

 
Multilevel modelling on R

 
Growth models

 
How to report a multilevel model

 
What have I discovered about statistics?

 
R packages used in this chapter

 
R functions used in this chapter

 
Key terms that I've discovered

 
Smart Alex's tasks

 
Further reading

 
Interesting real research

 
 
Epilogue: Life After Discovering Statistics
 
Troubleshooting R
 
Glossary
Appendix

 
Table of the standard normal distribution

 
Critical Values of the t-Distribution

 
Critical Values of the F-Distribution

 
Critical Values of the chi-square Distribution

 
 
References

Supplements

Click for online resources

Companion Website to accompany Discovering Statistics Using R

Excellent book - we are slowly moving towards R and in the next year or two will change the course to R so that we can make it essential text. Field always writes excellent stats guides.

Professor David Maree
Psychology , University of Pretoria
July 10, 2012

This book is as good as the first Andy Field books but it will require a lot of self study to learn how R works before it can be used as a main reference for a course. I will consider using it for teaching postgraduates.

Dr Gaelle Vallee-Tourangeau
Psychology, Kingston University
July 1, 2012

As in previous Andy Field’s book, the reader will be please to be familiar not only with the statistical methodology but with a new software to analysis the data in a casual and pleasant way.
Theoretical backgrounds explaining the foundation of statistics are exactly the same than Andy Field’s previous book “Discovering statistics using SPSS”. Hence, for whom is only interested in how using R and has already read that one, that gives an impression of big redundancy. However, it would be dishonest to say that it is just a “copy and paste” from the previous book. There are valuable parts that had been added such the bootstrapping procedure in the regression chapter.
Realizing that it is the authors’ way to write long paragraph to make their points, I regret that sometimes to find a valuable piece of information, I have to read a lot… even if it funny and very readable.
It is already a big book but maybe a chapter about cluster analysis could find some place instead of another one.

Mr Jamel Khenfer
Marketing , Paul Cezanne University Aix-Marseille III
July 1, 2012

I have two types of students in my classes, the ones who are very numerate and will likely benefit from learning R and ones who aren't and struggle with SPSS. I will be assigning the Discovering Statistics Using R for the numerate students and the SPSS version for those who will be sticking with SPSS.

Dr Pedro Wolf
Psychology, University of Cape Town
June 28, 2012

I love this book. Andy Field's "Discovering Statistics.." series is one of the best regarding statistics. And R is a statistics software that is much more powerful than SPSS. As a consequence, I competely moved to R and this book for teaching my PhD students about statistics.

Professor Knut Neumann
Please select your department, University of Kiel
June 28, 2012

We choose SPSS as the program for statistics,

Mr Henk Averesch
Educatieve Academie, Gereformeerde Hogeschool
June 28, 2012

This book has been listed as supplemental for my course as it allows a gentle introduction into analysis via R for the undergraduate students.

Dr Nor Diana Mohd Mahudin
Psychology, International Islamic University
June 28, 2012

I have recommend for my post graduate students particularly for Master by Research and Doctorates in Business Administration. This book is easy to understand as compared to other statistics book when it required interpretation of R square result.

Mr Fathilatul zakimi Abdul hamid
UUM College of Business, University Utara Malaysia
June 22, 2012

I absolutely agree with the comment of a colleague, Anne Schewe, on this page:
"I will recommend this book to my students who need R or want to use R rather than SPSS - it's as phantastic as the SPSS version in my eyes!"

Dr Gerhard Majce
Department of Sociology, University of Vienna
June 18, 2012

This book includes lots of practical advise. There are lots of good examples and helpful tips. Also very easy to use.

Mrs Sharon Roberts
Faculty of Higher Education, City College Plymouth
June 14, 2012

Sample Materials & Chapters

Chapter One